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Policy, Law, and Governance Insights

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Editor in Chief : Prof. (Dr.) Rashmi Aggarwal

About : Policy, Law, and Governance Insights is a bi-annual, peer-reviewed, national e-journal dedicated to publishing scholarly research and insights into policy analysis, legal frameworks, governance models, and public administration. The journal seeks to promote interdisciplinary dialogue on public polic Read more

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The Climate-Displacement Nexus in India: Drivers, Outcomes, and Policy Challenges

  • Farhana Naaz Farhana Naaz Research scholar Department of Educational Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Received: March 20, 2025
Accepted: April 28, 2025
Published: June 09, 2025
Volume: 1 (1) | Page: 22-29

Abstract

Climate change is emerging as a critical driver of human displacement in India, with escalating disasters, environmental degradation, and livelihood losses forcing large-scale migration. This systematic review synthesises empirical evidence from peer-reviewed studies, government reports, and datasets (IDMC, World Bank, CEEW) to analyse the magnitude, causes, and consequences of climate-related displacement in India. The review identifies 5.3 million disaster-induced displacements annually, with cyclones, floods, and droughts being the primary drivers, disproportionately affecting coastal and arid regions (Sundarbans, Odisha, Maharashtra). This paper, through a structured analysis of studies (2010–2024), evaluates three key dimensions. Drivers such as Geographic variability in climate hazards (e.g., Himalayan glacial retreat vs coastal erosion) and socio-economic vulnerabilities (caste, agrarian dependency). Impacts such as urban influx pressures, health crises, and the loss of informal livelihoods among displaced populations. Policy Gaps: Inadequate legal frameworks for "climate refugees," fragmented rehabilitation programs (e.g., NDMP, CRZ), and missed synergies with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The review highlights critical research gaps, including the lack of longitudinal data on migration trajectories and gendered disparities in displacement outcomes. It calls for integrated policy approaches linking disaster risk reduction, climate adaptation, and migration governance, emphasising justice-based interventions for marginalised groups (Adivasis, Dalits, fisherfolk). By consolidating multidisciplinary evidence, this study provides a comprehensive reference for policymakers and scholars, advocating for a robust monitoring system and rights-based protection mechanisms for India’s climate-displaced populations.

Keywords: climate migration, systematic review, disaster displacement, policy gaps, India, environmental justice.

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