Abstract

This study examines the status and rights of women in ancient Indian religious texts, highlighting their evolving position across different historical periods. In the Rigvedic era, women actively participated in education, philosophy, and religious practices, enjoying relative freedom and recognition. However, during the later Vedic and Brahmanical periods, their autonomy gradually declined, with texts like Manusmriti imposing social and legal restrictions. In contrast, Buddhist and Jain traditions offered women greater spiritual opportunities, recognizing their potential for liberation. Epic and Puranic literature presents a dual image of women as both revered and subordinated figures. Overall, the paper reveals that women’s status in ancient India was dynamic, shaped by changing socio-religious norms and patriarchal structures.

Keywords: Status of Women, Women’s Rights, Vedic Literature, Religious Texts, Manusmriti, Buddhism, Jainism, Social Structure, Patriarchy, Moksha